(Amaranthus sp. L.)

 History

Amaranth is an old cultivated crop originating on American continent. The Aztecs, Incas and Mayas considered amaranth as their staple food together with maize and beans. It used to be one of the most important crops in America before Spanish colonialists conquered it and further cultivation of the crop was banned. Amaranth was preserved on hard to reach places of mountainous Central and South America. Amaranth was first introduced as an ornamental plant in Europe in the 16th century. Different species of amaranth spread throughout the world during 17th, 18th and 19th century. In India, China and under the harsh conditions of Himalayas this plant became important grain and/or vegetable crop.

Present

At present amaranth is grown in the USA, South America, India, China and Russia. The Czech Republic is the most important grower in Europe (approx. 250 hectares).

Biological Characteristics

Amaranth is an annual plant with C4 type of photosynthesis. Depending on species amaranth leaves vary in shape, size and colour (green, red, purple). This plant can grow up to 3 m. Its stem, sometimes branched, is terminated by branched inflorescence (panicle). Inflorescence is usually indeterminant and reaches different lengths. Basic unit in inflorescence is called glomerulus containing female, male or both flowerets. Seed has lenticular shape (1-2 mm). Amaranth shows a high coefficient of propagation.

Attributes

This plant is valued for the positive chemical composition of seed that does not contain gluten. Amaranth is very interesting crop from the point of its high production potential. It grows intensively, photosynthesises fast and effectively, does not suffer from major diseases and is tolerant to various extreme conditions.

Grain Quality and Use

Amaranth seeds have high content of proteins, essential amino acids and minerals. All compounds are usually in following ranges: 14-19 % of protein, 5-8 % of lipids, 62-69 % of starch, 2-3 % of total carbohydrates and 4-5 % of fibre. The seed composition is comparable with seed composition of oat. Amaranth bioavailability of protein reaches 78 %. Seed does not contain gluten causing celiac disease to sensitive individuals. In contrast to cereals amaranth has higher content of amino acids mainly lysine, methionine, treonin and cysteine. Starch is the major part of carbohydrates and starch granules are small (1-3 ľm) easily degradetable by alpha-amylases. Amaranth starch is highly stabile during freezing and highly resistant to mechanical stress. Lipid content in amaranth seed ranges from 5 to 8 %. Most of it is placed in embryo as linoleic, oleic and palmitic acid. According to the seed composition amaranth oil is similar to the ones made from cotton or maize but has lower digestibility. Amaranth oil contains about 8 % of squalen, a sterol precursor, used in medicine and cosmetic industry. Content of minerals depends on species, and growing conditions. Amounts of calcium and magnesium are higher than amounts in other cereals. Seeds are a good source of vitamins mainly ascorbic acid and B-complex, and antioxidants alpha-tocopherol and beta- and gama tocotrienols.

Food

Amaranth is used as an ingredient primarily in bread, pasta, baby’s food, instant drinks, etc. For such purposes seeds have to undergo various processing technologies – boiling, swelling, flaking, extrusion, puffing, roasting, grinding, sprouting, etc. The most common product is flour, whole amaranth seeds in breads, müsli bars, breakfast food and porridges, pastas and biscuits and cookies. Leaves and stems are interesting vegetable suitable for soups, salads or other meals.

Fodder

Amaranth is a valuable nutritious feedstuff with high production ability.

Other

Amaranth starch, protein concentrates, natural dye, a good source of squalen and antioxidants. It is been intensively tested as one of the interesting energy crop.

Soil, Climate and Temperature Requirements

The most optimal are humid and well-structured soils but the crop tolerates any soil conditions. Amaranth is thermophilous plant and especially for germination higher temperature of soil is necessary; otherwise older plants tolerate even short-term frost. This crop is resistant to drought thus it does not require as much moisture as other crops. The only exception is germination stage and first couple of weeks in growing season until strong root system is established. Dry and warm weather is welcome at harvest time to press losses of crop on minimum.

Cultivation and Manuring

The best crop rotation is between small grains or potatoes. Amaranth has a good response on nitrogen fertilisers that provide for higher growth and yields. The crop requires a good soil preparation prior to sowing because amaranth seed is tiny.

Crop Management

Sowing

Under the conditions of the Czech Republic fields can be sown with amaranth from the beginning of May until the first decade of June. Generally daily temperatures have to reach 15 °C and soil should be warmed up to 12 °C. The most suitable depth of sowing is 1,5 cm and final plant density ranges from 350 to 400 thousands plants per hectare.

Nutrition

Treatment during growing season

Especially at the beginning of growing season plants develop slower and certain inter-row cultivation might be applied in order to maintain the crust-free soil and low occurrence of weed. During whole season wild species of amaranth and goosefoot should be regularly removed.

Harvest

Amaranth matures irregularly and the best timing of harvest is at the stage when two thirds of seeds are mature. Generally all species are susceptible to partial shatter losses. At the harvest time plants of amaranth contain high percentage of water, which increases losses up to 50 %. The most convenient conditions for harvest are after first frost providing lower moist content in plants and during dry days. Combine-harvester has to be adjusted to the moist content of the crop and small size of the amaranth seed.

Postharvest Processing and Storage

Seed has to be clean of foreign material and other impurities that could affect aroma, bring about mildew or lower its quality. The crop should be stored at 12 % moisture content after gradual drying.

Deuteronomy 14:3-21 (New International Version)

²⁹ Then God said, “I give you every seed-bearing plant on the face of the whole earth and every tree that has fruit with seed in it. They will be yours for food.

Leviticus 3:17 (New International Version)

¹⁷ “‘This is a lasting ordinance for the generations to come, wherever you live: You must not eat any fat or any blood.’”

Leviticus 7:23-24 (New International Version)

²³ “Say to the Israelites: ‘Do not eat any of the fat of cattle, sheep or goats. ²⁴ The fat of an animal found dead or torn by wild animals may be used for any other purpose, but you must not eat it.

Leviticus 7:26 (New International Version)

²⁶ And wherever you live, you must not eat the blood of any bird or animal.

Leviticus 11 (New International Version)

Read it all http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Leviticus+11&version=NIV.

Below is a list of foods, defined in the Bible, as being Clean and Unclean.

They can be found in Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14.

Clean Land Animals

Leviticus 11:1-3 (New International Version)

¹ The LORD said to Moses and Aaron, ² “Say to the Israelites: ‘Of all the animals that live on land, these are the ones you may eat: ³ You may eat any animal that has a divided hoof and that chews the cud.

Deuteronomy 14:4-6 (New International Version)

⁴ These are the animals you may eat: the ox, the sheep, the goat, ⁵ the deer, the gazelle, the roe deer, the wild goat, the ibex, the antelope and the mountain sheep.^{[a] 6} You may eat any animal that has a divided hoof and that chews the cud.

Wild Goat, Fallow Deer, Goat, Ox, Pygarg (Species of antelope?), Wild Ox, Hart (Species of Deer), Sheep, Roebuck (Antelope, Gazel), Chamois (goat like), Antelope, Deer, Moose , Giraffe, Bison, Elk, Hart, Reindeer, Caribou, Gazelle, Ibex, Cattle

Unclean Land Animals

Leviticus 11:4-8 (New International Version)

⁴ “‘There are some that only chew the cud or only have a divided hoof, but you must not eat them. The camel, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is ceremonially unclean for you. ⁵ The hyrax, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you. ⁶ The rabbit, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you. ⁷ And the pig, though it has a divided hoof, does not chew the cud; it is unclean for you. ⁸ You must not eat their meat or touch their carcasses; they are unclean for you.

Leviticus 11:26-27 (New International Version)

²⁶ “‘Every animal that does not have a divided hoof or that does not chew the cud is unclean for you; whoever touches the carcass of any of them will be unclean. ²⁷ Of all the animals that walk on all fours, those that walk on their paws are unclean for you; whoever touches their carcasses will be unclean till evening.

Leviticus 11:29-31 (New International Version)

²⁹ “‘Of the animals that move along the ground, these are unclean for you: the weasel, the rat, any kind of great lizard, ³⁰ the gecko, the monitor lizard, the wall lizard, the skink and the chameleon. ³¹ Of all those that move along the ground, these are unclean for you. Whoever touches them when they are dead will be unclean till evening.

Leviticus 11:41-42 (New International Version)

⁴¹ “‘Every creature that moves along the ground is to be regarded as unclean; it is not to be eaten. ⁴² You are not to eat any creature that moves along the ground, whether it moves on its belly or walks on all fours or on many feet; it is unclean.

Deuteronomy 14:7-8 (New International Version)

⁷ However, of those that chew the cud or that have a divided hoof you may not eat the camel, the rabbit or the hyrax. Although they chew the cud, they do not have a divided hoof; they are ceremonially unclean for you. ⁸ The pig is also unclean; although it has a divided hoof, it does not chew the cud. You are not to eat their meat or touch their carcasses.

Camel, Coney, Hare (Rabbit), Mole, Weasel, Mouse, Snail (Slug), Ferret, Skunk, Beaver, Squirrel, Rat, Raccoon, Porcupine, Groundhog, Muskrat, Gorilla, Opossum, Badger, Rhinoceros, Bear, Elephant, Hippopotamus, Monkey, Armadillo, Wolverine, Kangaroo, Llama (alpaca, vicuña), Equines (Ass, Donkey, Mule, Horse, Zebra), Canines (Coyote, Dog, Fox, Hyena, Jackal, Wolf), Felines (Cat, Cheetah, Leopard, Lion, Panther, Tiger), Swine ( Pig, Boar, Peccary)

Clean Fish

Leviticus 11:9 (New International Version)

⁹ “‘Of all the creatures living in the water of the seas and the streams you may eat any that have fins and scales.

Deuteronomy 14:9-10 (New International Version)

⁹ Of all the creatures living in the water, you may eat any that has fins and scales. ¹⁰ But anything that does not have fins and scales you may not eat; for you it is unclean.

Albacore, (Crevalle, Horse Mackerel, Jack), Hardtail (Blue Runner), Mullet Shad Alewives (Branch, River Herring), Herring (Alewife, Branch, Glut. Lake, River, Sea Herrings), Muskellunge (Jacks), Sheepshead, Anchovy, Kingfish, Orange Roughy, Barracuda,  Long Nose Sucker (Northern or Red Striped Sucker), Perch (Bream), Silversides,  Bass, Common Sucker (Fr. Water Mullet, White Sucker), Pike (Pickerel, Jack), Smelt (Frost or Ice Fish), Black Drum Crappie (Black or White Crappies), Pig Fish Snapper (Ebu, Jobfish, Lehi, Onaga, Opakapaka, Uku), Black Pomfret (Monchong), Drum Pollack (Pollock, Boston Bluefish),  Blue Runner (Hardtail), Flounder (Dab, Gray, Lemon Sole, Summer or Winter Flounder, Yellow Tail), Pompano Sole Bluebacks (Glut Herrings), Grouper (Black, Nassau, Red, or Yellowfish Grouper, Gag), Spanish Mackerel, Bluebill, Sunfish, Grun (White/Yellow Grunts), Red Snapper, Steelhead, Bluefish, Gulf Pike (Robalo, Snook, Sergeant), Redfish, Striped Bass, Bluegill, Haddock, Sucker (Red Horse Sucker, Redfin), Bonitos, Hake, Porgy (Scup), Sunfish, Bowfin, Halibut, Red Drum (Redfish), Tarpon, Buffalofish, Hardhead Rockfish, Trout (Gray Sea, Lake, Sand Sea, White Sea, Spotted Sea Trouts, Weakfish), Butterfish Mackerel (Cobia), Salmon (Chum, Coho, King, Pink or Red), Tuna (Ahi, Aku, Albacore, Bluefin, Bonito, Shipjack,Tombo, Yellowfin, Yellowtail), Carp Mahimahi (Dorado, Dolphinfish – NOT the mammal dolphin), Sardine (Pilchard), Turbot (except European turbot), Chubs (Bloater, Longjaw, Blackfin), Menhaden Scup (Porgy), Whitefish, Cod, Minnow, Sea Bass, Whiting (Silver Hake), Yellow Perch

Unclean Fish/Marine Animals

Leviticus 11:10-12 (New International Version)

¹⁰ But all creatures in the seas or streams that do not have fins and scales—whether among all the swarming things or among all the other living creatures in the water—you are to regard as unclean. ¹¹ And since you are to regard them as unclean, you must not eat their meat; you must regard their carcasses as unclean. ¹² Anything living in the water that does not have fins and scales is to be regarded as unclean by you.

Deuteronomy 14:10 (New International Version)

¹⁰ But anything that does not have fins and scales you may not eat; for you it is unclean.

Fish

Dolphin, Bullhead, Whale, Swordfish, Marlin, Catfish, Porpoise, Shark, Paddlefish, Eel, Sturgeon (includes most caviar),

Shellfish

Shrimp, Scallop, Oyster, Prawn, Mussel, Crayfish, Clam, Abalone, Lobster, Crab

Soft Body

Cuttlefish, Squid (calamari), Limpet, Jellyfish, Octopus, Sea Mammals, Walrus, Seal, Otter

Clean Birds

Leviticus 11:13-19 (New International Version)

¹³ “‘These are the birds you are to regard as unclean and not eat because they are unclean: the eagle,^[a] the vulture, the black vulture, ¹⁴ the red kite, any kind of black kite, ¹⁵ any kind of raven, ¹⁶ the horned owl, the screech owl, the gull, any kind of hawk, ¹⁷ the little owl, the cormorant, the great owl, ¹⁸ the white owl, the desert owl, the osprey, ¹⁹ the stork, any kind of heron, the hoopoe and the bat.

The following are Clean Birds not specifically mentioned in the Bible

Chicken, Grouse, Pigeon, Sparrow (and other songbirds), Dove, Guinea fowl, Prairie, chicken, Duck, Partridge, Ptarmigan, Teal, Goose, Peafowl, Quail, Turkey, Peacock, Pheasant, Sagehen

Unclean Birds

Deuteronomy 14:12-18 (New International Version)

¹² But these you may not eat: the eagle, the vulture, the black vulture, ¹³ the red kite, the black kite, any kind of falcon, ¹⁴ any kind of raven, ¹⁵ the horned owl, the screech owl, the gull, any kind of hawk, ¹⁶ the little owl, the great owl, the white owl, ¹⁷ the desert owl, the osprey, the cormorant, ¹⁸ the stork, any kind of heron, the hoopoe and the bat.

Eagle, Ossifrage, Osprey, Vulture after his kind, Kite, Every raven after his kind, Owl, Night Hawk, Cuckow or Cuckoo, Hawk after his kind, Little Owl, Cormorant, Great Owl, Horned Owl, Pelican, Gier Eagle, Stork, Heron after her kind, Lapwing, Bat, Albatross, Crane, Magpie, Roadrunner, Flamingo, Loon, Sandpiper, Bittern, Grebe, Ostrich, Seagull, Buzzard, Grosbeak, Penguin, Woodpecker, Condor, Gull, Parrot, Swallow, Coot, Plover, Rail, Swift, Crow, Water Hen

Clean Insects

Leviticus 11:21-23 (New International Version)

²¹ There are, however, some flying insects that walk on all fours that you may eat: those that have jointed legs for hopping on the ground. ²² Of these you may eat any kind of locust, katydid, cricket or grasshopper. ²³ But all other flying insects that have four legs you are to regard as unclean.

Locust, Beetle, Grass Hopper

Unclean Insects

Leviticus 11:41-42 (New International Version)

⁴¹ “‘Every creature that moves along the ground is to be regarded as unclean; it is not to be eaten. ⁴² You are not to eat any creature that moves along the ground, whether it moves on its belly or walks on all fours or on many feet; it is unclean.

Deuteronomy 14:19 (New International Version)

¹⁹ All flying insects are unclean to you; do not eat them.

All insects except some in the beetle and locust family.

Unclean Reptiles

Leviticus 11:29-30 (New International Version)

²⁹ “‘Of the animals that move along the ground, these are unclean for you: the weasel, the rat, any kind of great lizard, ³⁰ the gecko, the monitor lizard, the wall lizard, the skink and the chameleon.

Lizard, Great Lizard, Chameleon, Crocodile, Alligator, Blindworm, Turtle, Frog, Snake, Newt, Toad, Salamander, Caiman

These laws are known as health laws, and are the means for achieving a healthier life.

In the beginning man ate fruits and vegetables, but later started eating meat. God made known what meats where unhealthy through the laws of clean and unclean foods long before there was a nation of Israel, even before Noah’s time, as seen in Genesis 7:2 and 7:8 http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%207:2,8&version=NIV.

It is a well know fact today, that these same unclean foods are known to be unhealthy.

But you say, what about the following verse from scripture?

Deuteronomy 12:15 (New International Version)

¹⁵ Nevertheless, you may slaughter your animals in any of your towns and eat as much of the meat as you want, as if it were gazelle or deer, according to the blessing the LORD your God gives you. Both the ceremonially unclean and the clean may eat it.

This is one of the most misinterpreted verses on this subject, because of the food laws being well know in their nation they did not keep unclean animals around for food, so they would not have found it in their gates. It is speaking of the unclean person eating with the clean person during this time. Normaly an unclean person was not allowed to eat with those that where clean.

Deuteronomy 15:22 (New International Version)

²² You are to eat it in your own towns. Both the ceremonially unclean and the clean may eat it, as if it were gazelle or deer.

How clear it becomes now.

We should take note that these are very clearly laws to be obeyed.

Isaiah 66:17 (New International Version)

¹⁷ “Those who consecrate and purify themselves to go into the gardens, following one who is among those who eat the flesh of pigs, rats and other unclean things—they will meet their end together with the one they follow,” declares the LORD.

As shown with this verse God does condemn those that eat of what is considered an abomination. Isaiah 65:4 tells us that eating swine and other abominable things provokes the Lord to anger.

Isaiah 65:4 (New International Version)

⁴ who sit among the graves and spend their nights keeping secret vigil; who eat the flesh of pigs, and whose pots hold broth of impure meat;

For those that would say these laws where only for the people of Israel at that time, take note that animals where regarded as clean or unclean during the time of Noah before Israel existed.  http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Gen%207:2&version=NIV

For a free downloadable booklet Click Here.

A Nobel Prize was awarded for proving that cancer cells are anaerobic, meaning they do not burn glucose, but rather they ferment glucose in order to get their energy.

“Over seventy-five years ago Dr. Otto Warburg published a Nobel Prize winning paper describing the environment of the cancer cell. A normal cell undergoes an adverse change when it can no longer take up oxygen to convert glucose into energy by oxidation. In the absence of oxygen the cell reverts to a primitive nutritional program to sustain itself, converting glucose, by fermentation.

The lactic acid produced by fermentation lowers the cell pH (acid/alkaline balance) and destroys the ability of DNA and RNA to control cell division… the cancer cells begin to multiply unchecked. The lactic acid simultaneously causes intense local pain and destroys cell enzymes. Therefore, cancer appears as a rapidly growing outer cell mass with a core of dead cells.”

In the absence of oxygen, glucose undergoes fermentation to create lactic acid. This causes the cell pH to drop from between 7.3 to 7.2 down to 7 and later to 6.5; in more advanced stages of cancer and in metastases the pH drops to 6.0 and even 5.7.

Dr. Warburg stated:

“But nobody today can say that one does not know what cancer and its prime cause be. On the contrary, there is no disease whose prime cause is better known, so that today ignorance is no longer an excuse that one cannot do more about prevention. That prevention of cancer will come there is no doubt, for man wishes to survive. But how long prevention will be avoided depends on how long the prophets of agnosticism will succeed in inhibiting the application of scientific knowledge in the cancer field. In the meantime, millions of men must die of cancer unnecessarily.”

Nobel Prize Winner Dr. Otto Warburg

BIO: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1931/warburg-bio.html

Lecture delivered to Nobel Laureates on June 30, 1966 at Lindau, Lake Constance, Germany

There are prime and secondary causes of diseases. For example, the prime cause of the plague is the plague bacillus, but secondary causes of the plague are filth, rats, and the fleas that transfer the plague bacillus from rats to man. By the prime cause of a disease, I mean one that is found in every case of the disease.

Cancer, above all other diseases, has countless secondary causes. Almost anything can cause cancer. But, even for cancer, there is only one prime cause. The prime cause of cancer is the replacement of the respiration of oxygen (oxidation of sugar) in normal body cells by fermentation of sugar.

All normal body cells meet their energy needs by respiration of oxygen, whereas cancer cells meet their energy needs in great part by fermentation. All normal body cells are thus obligate aerobes, whereas all cancer cells are partial anaerobes. From the standpoint of the physics and chemistry of life this difference between normal and cancer cells is so great that one can scarcely picture a greater difference. Oxygen gas, the donor of energy in plants and animals, is dethroned in the cancer cells and replaced by the energy yielding reaction of the lowest living forms, namely the fermentation of sugar.

In every case, during the cancer development, the oxygen respiration always falls, fermentation appears, and the highly differentiated cells are transformed into fermenting anaerobes, which have lost all their body functions and retain only the now useless property of growth and replication. Thus, when respiration disappears, life does not disappear, but the meaning of life disappears, and what remains are growing machines that destroy the body in which they grow.

All carcinogens impair respiration directly or indirectly by deranging capillary circulation, a statement that is proven by the fact that no cancer cell exists without exhibiting impaired respiration. Of course, respiration cannot be repaired if it is impaired at the same time by a carcinogen.

To prevent cancer it is therefore proposed first to keep the speed of the blood stream so high that the venous blood still contains sufficient oxygen; second, to keep high the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood; third, to add always to the food, even of healthy people, the active groups of the respiratory enzymes [see notes following this article]; and to increase the doses of these groups, if a precancerous state has already developed. If at the same time exogenous carcinogens are excluded rigorously, then much of the endogenous cancer may be prevented today.

These proposals are in no way utopian. On the contrary, they may be realized by everybody, everywhere, at any hour. Unlike the prevention of many other diseases, the prevention of cancer requires no government help, and not much money.

Many experts agree that one could prevent about 80% of all cancers in man, if one could keep away the known carcinogens from the normal body cells. But how can the remaining 20%, the so-called spontaneous cancers, be prevented? It is indisputable that all cancer could be prevented if the respiration of body cells were kept intact.

Nobody today can say that one does not know what the prime cause of cancer is. On the contrary, there is no disease whose prime cause is better known, so that today ignorance is no longer an excuse for avoiding measures for prevention. That the prevention of cancer will come there is no doubt. But how long prevention will be avoided depends on how long the prophets of agnosticism will succeed in inhibiting the application of scientific knowledge in the cancer field. In the meantime, millions of men and women must die of cancer unnecessarily.

The Prime Cause and Prevention of Cancer with two prefaces on prevention

Revised lecture at the meeting of the Nobel-Laureates on June 30, 1966 at Lindau, Lake Constance, Germany

by Otto Warburg
Director, Max Planck-Institute for Cell Physiology, Berlin-Dahlem

English Edition by Dean Burk
National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

The Second Revised Edition
Published by Konrad Triltsch, Würzburg, Germany, 1969

Preface to the Second Revised German Edition of the Lindau Lecture
(The way to prevention of cancer)

Since the Lindau lecture of June 1966 many physicians have examined – not unsuccessfully – the practical consequences of the anaerobiosis of cancer cells. The more who participate in these examinations, the sooner will we know what can be achieved. It is a unique aspect of these examinations that they can be carried out on human patients, on the largest scale, without risk; whereas experiments on animals have been misleading many times. The cure of human cancer will be the resultant of biochemistry of cancer and of biochemistry of man.

A list of selected active groups of respiratory enzymes will soon be published, to which we recently added cytohemin and d-amino-Levulinic acid, the precursor of oxygen-transferring hemins. In the meantime commercial vitamin preparations may be used that contain, besides other substances, many active groups of the respiratory enzymes. Most of these may be added to the food. Cytohemin and vitamin B 12 may be given subcutaneously. (A synonym of “active group” is prosthetic” group of an enzyme.)

There exists no alternative today to the prevention of cancer as proposed at Lindau. It is the way that attacks the prime cause of cancer most directly and that is experimentally most developed. Indeed millions of experiments in man, through the effectiveness of some vitamins, have shown, that cell respiration is impaired if the active groups of the respiratory enzymes are removed from the food; and that cell respiration is repaired at once, if these groups are added again to the food. No way can be imagined that is scientifically better founded to prevent and cure a disease, the prime cause of which is an impaired respiration. Neither genetic codes of anaerobiosis nor cancer viruses are alternatives today, because no such codes and no such viruses in man have been discovered so far; but anaerobiosis has been discovered. 8

What can be achieved by the active groups, when tumors have already developed? The answer is doubtful, because tumors live in the body almost anaerobically, that is under conditions that the active groups cannot act.

On the other hand, because young metastases live in the body almost aerobically, inhibition by the active groups should be possible. Therefore we propose first to remove all compact tumors, which are the anaerobic foci of the metastasis. Then the active group should be added to the food, in the greatest possible amount, for many years, even for ever. This is a promising task. If it succeeds, then cancer will be a harmless disease.

Moreover, we discovered recently a) in experiments with growing cancer cells in vitro that very low concentrations of some selected active groups inhibit fermentation and the growth of cancer cells completely, in the course of a few days. From these experiments it may be concluded that de-differentiated cells die if one tries to normalize their metabolism. It is a result that is unexpected and that encourages the task of inhibiting the growth of metastases with active enzyme groups.

a) In press in Hoppe-Seylers Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie 1967. 10 g riboflavin per ccm or 10 g d-Aminolevulinic acid inhibit in vitro growth and fermentation completely but inhibit respiration less. As expected, ascites cancer in vivo is not cured.

As emphasized, it is the first precondition of the proposed treatment that all growing body cells be saturated with oxygen. It is a second precondition that exogenous carcinogens be kept away, at least during the treatment. All carcinogens impair respiration directly or indirectly by deranging capillary circulation, a statement that is proved by the fact that no cancer cell exists, the respiration of which is not impaired. Of course, respiration cannot be repaired if it is impaired at the same time by carcinogens.

It has been asked after the Lindau lecture why the repair of respiration by the active groups of the enzymes was proposed as late as 1966, although the fermentation of the cancer cell was discovered as early as 1923. Why was so much time lost?

He who asked this questions ignored that in 1923 the chemical mechanism of enzyme action was still a secret of living nature alone. 1 The first active group of an enzyme, “Iron, the Oxygen-Transferring Part of the Respiratory Enzyme” was discovered in 1942. There followed in two decades the discoveries of the O2-transferring metalloproteins, the flavoproteins and the pyridinproteins, a period that was concluded by the “Heavy Metals as Prosthetic Groups of Enzymes” 3 and by the “Hydrogen Transferring Enzymes” 4 in 1947 to 1949.

Moreover, during the first decades after 1923 glycolysis and anaerobiosis were constantly confused, so that nobody knew what was specific for tumors. The three famous and decisive discoveries of DEAN BURK and colleagues 5 of the National Cancer Institute at Bethesda were of the years 1941, 1956 and 1964: first, that the metabolism of the regenerating liver, which grows more rapidly than most tumors, is not cancer metabolism, but perfect aerobic embryonic metabolism; second, that cancer cells, descended in vitro from one single normal cell, were in vivo the more malignant, the higher the fermentation rate; third, that in vivo growing hepatomas, produced in vivo by different carcinogens, were in vivo the more malignant, the higher the fermentation rate. Furthermore, the very unexpected and fundamental fact, that tissue culture is carcinogenic and that a too low oxygen pressure is the intrinsic cause were discovered 6-8 in the years 1927 to 1966. Anaerobiosis of cancer cells was an established fact only since 1960 when methods were developed 7 to measure the oxygen pressure inside of tumors in the living body.

This abridged history shows that even the greatest genius would not have been able to propose in 1923, what was proposed at Lindau in 1966. As unknown as the prime cause of cancer was in 1923 was the possibility to prevent it.

Life without oxygen in a living world that has been created by oxygen 9 was so unexpected that it would have been too much to ask that anaerobiosis of cancer cells should be accepted at once by all scientists. But most of the resistance disappeared when at Lindau it was explained that on the basis of anaerobiosis there is now a real chance to get rid of this terrible disease, if man is willing to submit to experiments and facts. It is true that more than 40 years were necessary to learn how to do it. But 40 years is a short time in the history of science.10

Wiesenhof über Idar-Oberstein, August 1967 OTTO WARBURG

Two years after the Lindau lecture LINUS PAULING (Science Vol. 160, Page 265, 1968) proposed to control mental diseases by adding to the food the active groups of respiratory enzymes. But here the experimental basis was lacking. No mental disease is known so far, the prime cause of which is an impairment of the respiration of brain cells.

Preface to the First edition (Prevention of endogenous cancer)

Most experts agree that nearly 80% of cancers could be prevented, if all contact with the known exogenous carcinogens could be avoided. But how can the remaining 20%, the endogenous or so-called spontaneous cancers, be prevented? Because no cancer cell exists, the respiration of which is intact 1, it cannot be disputed that cancer could be prevented if the respiration of the body cells would be kept intact.

Today we know two methods to influence cell respiration.1 The first is to decrease the oxygen pressure in growing cells. If it is so much decreased that the oxygen transferring enzymes are no longer saturated with oxygen, respiration can decrease irreversibly and normal cells can be transformed into facultative anaerobes.

The second method to influence cell respiration in vivo is to add the active groups of the respiratory enzymes to the food of man. Lack of these groups impairs cell respiration and abundance of these groups repairs impaired cell respiration – a statement that is proved by the fact that these groups are necessary vitamins for man. 2

To prevent cancer it is therefore proposed first to keep the speed of the blood stream so high that the venous blood still contains sufficient oxygen; second, to keep high the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood; third to add always to the food, even of healthy people, the active groups of the respiratory enzymes; and to increase the doses of these groups, if a precancerous state 3 has already developed. If at the same time exogenous carcinogens are excluded rigorously, then most cancers may be prevented today.

These proposals are in no way utopian. On the contrary, they may be realized by everybody, everywhere, at any hour. Unlike the prevention of many other diseases the prevention of cancer requires no government help, and no extra money.

Wiesenhof, August 1966 OTTO WARBURG
The Prime Cause and Prevention of Cancer
(Revised Lindau Lecture)

By OTTO WARBURG, Director, Max Planck Institute for Cell Physiology, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
English Edition by DEAN BURK, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland

(Note by DEAN BURK: Adapted from a lecture originally delivered by O. Warburg at the 1966 annual meeting of Nobelists at Lindau, Germany. O. Warburg won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1931 for his discovery of the oxygen transferring enzyme of cell respiration, and was voted a second Nobel Prize in 1944 for his discovery of the active groups of the hydrogen transferring enzymes. Many universities, like Harvard, Oxford, Heidelberg have offered him honorary degrees. He is a Foreign member of the Royal Society of London, a Knight of the Order of Merit founded by Frederick the Great, and was awarded the Great Cross with Star and Shoulder Ribbon of the Bundesrepublik. His main interests are Chemistry and Physics of Life. In both fields no scientist has been more successful.)

There are prime and secondary causes of diseases. For example, the prime cause of the plaque is the plaque bacillus, but secondary causes of the plaque are filth, rats, and the fleas that transfer the plaque bacillus from rats to man. By a prime cause of a disease I mean one that is found in every case of the disease.

Cancer, above all other diseases, has countless secondary causes. But, even for cancer, there is only one prime cause. Summarized in a few words, the prime cause of cancer is the replacement of the respiration of oxygen in normal body cells by a fermentation of sugar. All normal body cells meet their energy needs by respiration of oxygen, whereas cancer cells meet their energy needs in great part by fermentation. All normal body cells are thus obligate aerobes, whereas all cancer cells are partial anaerobes. From the standpoint of the physics and chemistry of life this difference between normal and cancer cells is so great that one can scarcely picture a greater difference. Oxygen gas, the donor of energy in plants and animals is dethroned in the cancer cells and replaced by an energy yielding reaction of the lowest living forms, namely, a fermentation of glucose.

The key to the cancer problem is accordingly the energetics of life, which has been the field of work of the Dahlem institute since its initiation by the Rockefeller Foundation about 1930. In Dahlem the oxygen transferring and hydrogen transferring enzymes were discovered and chemically isolated. In Dahlem the fermentation of cancer cells was discovered decades ago; but only in recent years has is been demonstrated that cancer cells can actually grow in the body almost with only the energy of fermentation. Only today can one submit, with respect to cancer, all the experiments demanded by PASTEUR and KOCH as proof of the prime causes of a disease. If it is true that the replacement of oxygen-respiration by fermentation is the prime cause of cancer, then all cancer cells without exception must ferment, and no normal growing cell ought to exist that ferments in the body.

An especially simple and convincing experiment performed by the Americans MALMGREN and FLANEGAN confirms the view. If one injects tetanus spores, which can germinate only at very low oxygen pressures, into the blood of healthy mice, the mice do not sicken with tetanus, because the spores find no place in the normal body where the oxygen pressure is sufficiently low. Likewise, pregnant mice do not sicken when injected with the tetanus spores, because also in the growing embryo no region exists where the oxygen pressure is sufficiently low to permit spore germination. However, if one injects tetanus spores into the blood of tumor-bearing mice, the mice sicken with tetanus, because the oxygen pressure in the tumors can be so low that the spores can germinate. These experiments demonstrate in a unique way the anaerobiosis of cancer cells and the non-anaerobiosis of normal cells, in particular the non-anaerobiosis of growing embryos.

The Fermentation of Morris Hepatomas

A second type of experimentation demonstrates a quantitative connection between fermentation of tumors and growth rate of tumors.

If one injects rats with cancer-inducing substances of different activities, one can create, as HAROLD MORRIS of the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda has found, liver cancers (hepatomas) of very different degrees of malignancy. Thus, one strain of tumor may double its mass in three days, another strain may require 30 days. Recently DEAN BURK and MARK WOODS 3), also of the National Cancer Institute, measured the in vitro rates of anaerobic fermentation in different lines of these hepatomas, and obtained a curve (Fig. 1) that shows a quantitative relationship between fermentation and growth rate, and therefore between fermentation and malignancy, in these various tumor strains. The fermentation increases with the malignancy, and indeed the fermentation increases even faster than the malignancy.

Special interest attaches to the fermentation of the most slowly growing hepatomas, because several investigators in the United States believed that they had found *) that such tumors had no fermentation; that is that anaerobiosis cannot be the prime cause of cancer.

*) For example see C. H. BÖHRINGER SON, Ingelheim am Rhein, the factory Work – Journal “Das Medizinische Prisma” , Vol. 13, 1963. Here a lecture of VAN POTTER (Madison, Wisconsin) is reprinted where owing to the slow-growing Morris-tumors anaerobiosis as prime cause of cancer is rejected and the lack of “intracellular feeding back” is claimed to be the real cause of cancer.

Fig. 1. Velocity of growth and fermentation of the Morris-Hepatomas, according to DEAN BURK and MARK WOODS

DEAN BURK and MARK WOODS saw immediately from their curves that in the region of the zero point the rate of fermentation was so small that it could no longer be measured by the usual gross methodology employed by the aforementioned workers, whereas in the same region the smallest growth rate was always easily measurable. BURK and WOODS saw, in other words, that in the region of the zero point of their curves the growth test was more sensitive than the usual fermentation test. With refined and adequate methods for measuring fermentation of sugar (glucose) they found, what any physical chemist after a glance at the curve would realize, that even the most slow-growing Morris hepatomas fermented sugar.

The results of DEAN BURK and MARK WOODS were confirmed and extended by other workers with independent methods. PIETRO GULLINO, also in Bethesda, developed a perfusion method whereby a Morris hepatoma growing in the living animal could be perfused for long periods of time, even weeks, by means of a single artery and single vein, and the blood entering and leaving any given tumor could be analyzed. GULLINO found with this method that the slow-growing Morris hepatomas always produced fermentation lactic acid during their growth. This was in contrast to liver, where, as known since the days of CLAUDE BERNARD, lactic acid is not produced but consumed by liver; the difference between liver and Morris tumors in vivo is thus infinite (+ vs. -). GULLINO further found that tumors grow in vivo with diminished oxygen consumption. In summary, GULLINO’s findings indicate that the slow-growing Morris hepatomas are partial anaerobes. SILVIO FIALA, a biochemist at the University of Southern California, found that not only did the slow-growing hepatomas produce lactic acid, but also that the number of their oxygen-respiring grana was reduced.

The slow-growing Morris hepatomas are therefore far removed from having refuted the anaerobiosis of tumors. On the contrary, they are the best proof of this distinctive characteristic. For forty years cancer investigators have searched for a cancer that did not ferment. When finally a non-fermenting tumor appeared to have been found in the slow-growing Morris tumors, it was shown to be a methodological error.

Transformation of Embryonic Metabolism into Cancer Metabolism

A third type of experiment, from the institute in Dahlem with coworkers GAWEHN, GEISSLER and LORENZ, is likewise highly pertinent. Having established that anaerobiosis is that property of cancer cells that distinguishes them from all normal body cells, we attacked the question, namely, how normal body cells may become transformed into anaerobes 6)7)8).

If one puts embryonic mouse cells into a suitable culture medium saturated with physiological oxygen pressures, they will grow outside the mouse body, in vitro, and indeed as pure aerobes, with a pure oxygen respiration, without a trace of fermentation. However, if during the growth one provides an oxygen pressure so reduced that the oxygen respiration is partially inhibited, the purely aerobic metabolism of the mouse embryonic cells is quantitatively altered within 48 hours, in the course of two cell divisions, into the metabolism characteristic of fermenting cancer cells. Fig. 2 illustrates the very simple experimental procedure involved.

If one then brings such cells, in which during their growth under reduced oxygen pressure a cancer cell metabolism has been produced, back under the original high oxygen pressure, and allows the cell to grow further, the cancer metabolism remains. The transformation of embryonic cell metabolism into cancer cell metabolism can thus be irreversible, and important result, since the origin of cancer cells from normal body cells is an irreversible process. It is equally important that these body cells whose metabolism has thus been transformed into cancer metabolism now continue to grow in vitro as facultative anaerobes. The duration of our experiments is still too limited to have yielded results of tests of inoculation of such cells back into mice, but according to all previous indications such cells will later grow as anaerobes upon transplantation into animals.

In any case, these experiments belong to the most important experiments in the field of cancer investigation since the discovery of the fermentation of tumors. For cancer metabolism, heretofore, measured so many thousand of times, has now been induced artificially in body cells by the simplest conceivable experimental procedure, and with this artificially induced cancer metabolism the body cells divide and grow as anaerobes in vitro*).

*) The experiments were at once repeated, when they were published, of course without acknowledgment. See for example Th. Goodfriend, D. M. Sokol and N. O. Kaplan, J. molecular Biol. 15, 18, 1966.

In recent months we have further developed our experimental arrangements so that we can measure manometrically the oxygen respiration and fermentation of the growing mouse embryonic cells during the metabolic transformation. Fig. 3 shows the experimental arrangement. We find by such experiments that 35 percent inhibition of oxygen respiration already suffices to bring about such a transformation during cell growth**). Oxygen pressures that inhibit respiration 35 percent can occur at the end of blood capillaries in living animals, so that the possibility arises that cancer may result when too low oxygen pressures occur during cell growth in animal bodies.

**) These experiments show, like the curve of Dean Burk and Mark Woods in Fig. 1, that it is more correct to designate tumor cells as “partial anaerobes” rather than “facultative anaerobes”. A body cell is transformed into a tumor cell if only a part of the respiration is replaced by fermentation.

Fig. 2. Method to transform embryonic metabolism into cancer metabolism by decreasing the oxygen pressure. The induction of cancers by solid materials injected into animals is a further experimental indication of this possibility. If one implants discs of solid substances under the skin of rats, the discs will soon be surrounded by capsules of living tissue that will be nourished with blood vessels from the hypodermis. Sarcomas very frequently develop in these capsules. It is immaterial whether the solid discs are chemically plastics, gold, or ivory, etc. What produces the cancer is not the chemical nature of the solid discs, but the special kind of blood nourishment supplied to the tissue encapsulating the discs. This blood provision varies with the site and in adequacy within a given animal, and induces cancer from the low oxygen pressure in the encapsulating disc.

Fig. 3. Method to measure manometrically respiration and fermentation during the transformation of embryonic into cancer metabolism*)

*) The vessels are not shaken, because shaking inhibits growth. Therefore, the oxygen pressure in the liquid phase at the bottom of the vessels is much lower than in the gas phase. For example, when the oxygen pressure in the gas phase was 2000 mm H2O it was 130 mm H2O at the bottom of the vessels. (O. Warburg, A. Geissler and S. Lorenz, Zeitschr. Für Naturforschung 20b, 1070, 1965.)

Thermodynamics

If a lowered oxygen pressure during cell growth may cause cancer, or, more generally, if any inhibition of respiration during growth may cause cancer, then a next problem is to show why reduced respiration induces cancer. Since we already know that with a lowering of respiration fermentation results, we can re-express our question: Why does cancer result if oxygen-respiration is replaced by fermentation?

The early history of life on our planet indicates that life existed on earth before the earth’s atmosphere contained free oxygen gas. The living cells must therefore have been fermenting cells then, and, as fossils show, they were undifferentiated single cells. Only when free oxygen appeared in the atmosphere – some billion years ago – did the higher development of life set in, to produce the plant and animal kingdoms from the fermenting, undifferentiated single cells. What the philosophers of life have called “Evolution créatrice” has been and is therefore the work of oxygen.

The reverse process, the dedifferentiation of life, takes place today in greatest amount before our eyes in cancer development, which is another expression for dedifferentiation. To be sure, cancer development takes place even in the presence of free oxygen gas in the atmosphere, but this oxygen may not penetrate in sufficient quantity into the growing body cells, or the respiratory apo-enzymes of the growing body cells may not be saturated with the active groups. In any case, during the cancer development the oxygen – respiration always falls, fermentation appears, and the highly differentiated cells are transformed to fermenting anaerobes, which have lost all their body functions and retain only the now useless property of growth. Thus, when respiration disappears, life does not disappear, but the meaning of life disappears, and what remains are growing machines that destroy the body in which they grow.

But why oxygen differentiates and why lack of oxygen dedifferentiates? Nobody would dispute that the development of plants and animals and man from unicellular anaerobes is the most improbable process of all processes in the world. Thus there is no doubt, that EINSTEIN descended from a unicellular fermenting organism – to illustrate the miracle, molecular O2 achieved. But according to the thermodynamics of Boltzmann, improbable processes require work to take place. It requires work to produce temperature differences in a uniformly temperatured gas; whereas the equalization of such temperature differences is a spontaneous process that does not require work. It is the oxygen – respiration that provides in life this work, and dedifferentiation begins at once when respiration is inhibited in any way. In the language of thermodynamics, differentiation represents a forced steady state, whereas dedifferentiation – that is, cancer – is the true equilibrium state. Or, illustrated by a picture: the differentiated body cell is like a ball on an inclined plane, which, would roll down except for the work of oxygen-respiration always preventing this. If oxygen respiration is inhibited, the ball rolls down the plane to the level of dedifferentiation.

But why respiratory energy and not fermentation energy can differentiate, whereas in general, for example in growth, respiratory energy and fermentation energy are equivalent? Obviously, there would be no cancer if there were not this discrimination of fermentation energy, that is, if fermentation like respiration could differentiate. Then, when respiration is replaced by fermentation, fermentation would take over differentiation, and a high state of differentiation would be maintained even in the fermenting body cells.

Chemistry

Physics cannot explain why the two kinds of energy are not equivalent in differentiation; but chemistry may explain it. Biochemists know that both respiration energy and fermentation energy do their work as phosphate energy, but the ways of phosphorylation are different. If one applies this knowledge to carcinogenesis, it seems that only oxidative phosphorylation but not fermentative phosphorylation can differentiate, a result, that may in future explain the mechanism of differentiation.

Yet Biochemistry can explain already today why fermentation arises, when respiration decreases. Figure 4 shows that the pathways of respiration and fermentation are common as far as pyruvic acid. Then the pathways diverge. The end product of fermentation is reached by one single reaction, the reduction of pyruvic acid by dihydro-nicotinamide to lactic acid. On the other hand, the end products of the oxidation of pyruvic acid, H2O and CO2, are only reached after many additional reactions. Therefore, when cells are harmed, it is probable that first respiration is harmed. In this way the frequency of cancer is explained by reasons of probability.

To sum up:

1. Impairment of respiration is more frequent than impairment of fermentation because respiration is more complicated than fermentation.
2. The impaired respiration can be easily replaced by fermentation, because both processes have a common catalyst, the nicotinamide.
3. The consequence of the replacement of respiration by fermentation is mostly glycolysis, with death of the cells by lack of energy. Only if the energy of fermentation is equivalent to the lost energy of respiration, is the consequence anaerobiosis. Glycolysis means death by fermentation, anaerobiosis means life by fermentation.
4. Cancer arises, because respiration, but not fermentation, can maintain and create the high differentiation of body cells.

To conclude the discussion on the prime cause of cancer, the virus-theory of cancer may be mentioned. It is the most cherished topic of the philosophers of cancer. If it were true, it would be possible to prevent and cure cancer by the methods of virology; and all carcinogens could be eaten or smoked freely without any danger, if only contact with the cancer virus would be avoided.

It is true that some virus-caused cancer b) occur in animals, but no one sure human virus-cancer has been observed so far, whereas innumerable substances cause cancer without viruses in animals and man. Thus viruses do not meet the demands of Pasteur, that is must be possible to trace the prime cause in every case of the disease. Therefore science classifies viruses as remote causes of cancer, leading to anaerobiosis, the prime cause, that meets the demands of Pasteur.

b) The chicken Rous sarcoma, which is labeled today as a virus tumor, ferments glucose and lives as a partial anaerobe like all tumors. O. WARBURG, Bioch. Zeitschrift 160, 307, 1925; F. WIND, Klinische Wochenschrift, Nr. 30, 1926.

Many may remember how anaerobiosis as prime cause of cancer was recently disputed emphatically, when one single cancer – the slow Morris hepatomas – was believed (wrongly) to lack in fermentation. In contrast the virus theory is adhered to although all cancers of man are lacking in virus-origin. This means the surrender of the principles of Pasteur and the relapse into bygone times of medicine.

Applications

Of what use is it to know the prime cause of cancer? Here is an example. In Scandinavian countries there occurs a cancer of throat and esophagus whose precursor is the so-called Plummer-Vinson syndrome. This syndrome can be healed when one adds to the diet the active groups of respiratory enzymes, for example: iron salts, riboflavin, nicotinamide, and pantothenic acid. When one can heal the precursor of a cancer, one can prevent this cancer. According to ERNEST WYNDER 3) of the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research in New York, the time has come when one can exterminate this kind of cancer with the help of the active groups of the respiratory enzymes.

It is of interest in this connection that with the help of one of these active groups of the respiratory enzymes, namely nicotinamide, tuberculosis can be healed quite as well as with streptomycin, but without the side effects of the latter c). Since the sulfonamides and antibiotics, this discovery made in 1945 is the most important event in the field of chemotherapy generally, and encourages, in association with the experiences in Scandinavia, efforts to prevent cancer by dietary addition of large amounts of the active groups of the respiratory enzymes.

Since there can scarcely be overdosage, such experiments can do no harm.

c) V. CHORINE: C. R. sci. Paris, 220, 150 (1945). – H. FUST and A. STUDER, Schweizerische Z. für allgemeine Pathologie, Band 14; Fasc 5 (1951).

I would like to go further and propose always making dietary additions of large amounts of the active groups of the respiratory enzymes after successful operations when there is danger from metastatic growths. One could indeed never succeed in redifferentiating the dedifferentiated cancer cells, since during the short duration of human life the probability of such a back-differentiation is zero. But one might increase the respiration of growing metastases, and thereby inhibit their fermentation, and – on the basis of the curve of DEAN BURK and MARK WOODS obtained with the Morris hepatomas – thereby inhibit the growth of metastases to such an extent that they might become as harmless as the so-called “sleeping” cancer cells in the prostates of elderly men.

A Second Example of Application

The physicist MANFRED VON ARDENNE has recently attacked the problem of the therapy of cancer. ARDENNE discovered that cancer cells owing to their fermentation, are more acid – inside and on their surface – than normal cells and hence are more sensitive to high temperatures. On this basis, he and his medical colleagues have treated cancer patients, after surgical removal of the primary tumors, by raising the body temperature of the patients to about 109º Fahrenheit for an hour, in the hope that the metastases will then be killed or their growth so slowed up as to become harmless. It is not yet decided whether this idea can be described as a practical success. But the provisional work of ARDENNE is already of great significance in a field where hopes of conventional chemotherapy have been dimmed but might be brightened by combination with extreme or moderate hyperthermy.

A third application.

According to an estimate by K. H. Bauer of the Cancer Institute in Heidelberg, at least one million of the now living twenty five million male inhabitants of West Germany will die of cancer of the respiratory tract; still more will die from other cancer. When one considers that cancer is a permanent menace, one realizes that cancer has become one of the most dangerous menaces in the history of medicine.

Many experts agree that one could prevent about 80% of all cancers in man, if one could keep away the known carcinogens from the normal body cells. This prevention of cancer might involve no expenses, and especially would require little further research to bring about cancer prevention in up to 80 percent *).

*) Since this estimate was published, some thought 80% even to low. Yet prevention remained taboo and early diagnosis was the only consolation that was offered.

Why then does it happen that in spite of all this so little is done towards the prevention of cancer? The answer has always been that one does not know what cancer or the prime cause of cancer be, and that one cannot prevent something that is not known.

But nobody today can say that one does not know what cancer and its prime cause be. On the contrary, there is no disease whose prime cause is better known, so that today ignorance is no longer an excuse that one cannot do more about prevention. That prevention of cancer will come there is no doubt, for man wishes to survive. But how long prevention will be avoided depends on how long the prophets of agnosticism will succeed in inhibiting the application of scientific knowledge in the cancer field. In the meantime, millions of men and women must die of cancer unnecessarily.

Literature to Preface of Second Edition:

1. WILLSTAETTER, WIELAND and EULER, Lectures on enzymes at the centenary of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 55, 3583, 1922. The 3 lectures of the 3 chemists show that in the year 1922 the action of all enzymes was still a mystery. No active group of any enzyme was known.
2. OTTO WARBURG, Biochem. Zeitschrift, 152, 479, 1924.
3. OTTO WARBURG, Heavy Metals as prosthetic groups of enzymes, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1949.
4. OTTO WARBURG, Wasserstoffübertragende Fermente, Verlag Werner Sänger, Berlin, 1948.
5. DEAN BURK, 1941. On the specificity of glycolysis in malignant liver tumors as compared with homologous adult or growing liver tissues. In Symposium of Respiratory Enzymes, Univ. of Wisconsin Press. pp. 235-245,1942. DEAN BURK, Science 123,314,1956. Woods, M. W., Sandford, K. K., Burk, D., and Earle, W. R. J. National Cancer Institute 23, 1079-1088, 1959. DEAN BURK, Burk, D., Woods, M. and Hunter, J. On the Significance of Glucolysis for Cancer Growth, with Special Reference to Morris Rat Hepatomas. Journ. National Cancer Institute 38, 839-863, 1967.
6. O. WARBURG und F. KUBOWITZ, Bioch. Z. 189, 242, 1927; H. GOLDBLATT und G. CAMERON, J. Exper. Med. 97, 525, 1953.
7. O. WARBURG, 17. Mosbacher Kolloquium, April 1966. Verlag Springer, Heidelberg, 1966.
8. O. WARBURG, K. GAWEHN, A. W. GEISSLER, D. KAYSER and S. LORENZ, Klinische Wochenschrift 43, 289, 1965.
9. O. WARBURG, Oxygen, The Creator of Differentiation, Biochemical Energetics, Academic Press, New York, 1966.
10. O. WARBURG, New Methods of Cell Physiology, Georg Thieme, Stuttgart, and Interscience Publishers, New York, 1962.

By Jason Wachob

When Bill Clinton talked to Wolf Blitzer about his 24-pound weight loss on CNN on September 21st, 2010, “plant-based diet” was automatically injected into the American lexicon. Why?

Well, I think this happened because the “v word” (vegan) is scary to many and can often be viewed as an all-or-nothing proposition. But plant-based isn’t about what you can’t eat, it’s a more inclusive term that’s about building a diet centered around plants. With Clinton enthusiastically talking about his plant-based diet, he makes it a more inclusive and friendly word and lifestyle.

We then had our “Plant-Based Men” series which was one of our most successful of the year as plant-based studs like The Biggest Loser’s Bob Harper, Rip Esselstyn (pictured, above), and our friends, Rich Roll and Brendan Brazier, all talked about eating plant-based. Any successful movement requires great messengers, and these guys are the best. In addition to walking the walk, they’re all extremely friendly and they speak in a welcoming and inclusive manner when talking about their plant-based diets.

Click Here to watch the CNN Video with former President Bill Clinton September 22 ,2010

To learn more on how to get started on a plant based diet Click Here

And not all the pesticides used to kill bugs, grubs, or fungus on the farm washes off under the tap at home. Government tests show which fruits and vegetables, prepared typically at home, still have a pesticide residue.

You can reduce your exposure to pesticides by as much as 80% if you avoiding the most contaminated foods in the grocery store.

To do so, you need the latest info from the why the Environmental Working Group’s “Dirty Dozen” list of foods most likely to have high pesticide residues. Since 1995, the organization has taken the government data and identified which type of produce has the most chemicals.

This year, celery takes the number one spot and both blueberries and spinach make an appearance (displacing lettuce and pears).

The best way to avoid pesticide residue on foods is to buy organic produce — USDA rules prohibit the use of pesticides on any crop with the certified organic label.

Here’s a closer look at the 2010 Dirty Dozen:

1. Celery
Celery has no protective skin, which makes it almost impossible to wash off the chemicals (64 of them!) that are used on crops. Buy organic celery, or choose alternatives like broccoli, radishes, and onions.

2. Peaches
Multiple pesticides (as many as 62 of them) are regularly applied to these delicately skinned fruits in conventional orchards. Can’t find organic? Safer alternatives include watermelon, tangerines, oranges, and grapefruit.

3. Strawberries
If you buy strawberries, especially out of season, they’re most likely imported from countries that have less-stringent regulations for pesticide use. 59 pesticides have been detected in residue on strawberries. Can’t find organic? Safer alternatives include kiwi and pineapples.

4. Apples
Like peaches, apples are typically grown with poisons to kill a variety of pests, from fungi to insects. Tests have found 42 different pesticides as residue on apples. Scrubbing and peeling doesn’t eliminate chemical residue completely, so it’s best to buy organic when it comes to apples. Peeling a fruit or vegetable also strips away many of their beneficial nutrients. Can’t find organic? Safer alternatives include watermelon, bananas, and tangerines.

5. Blueberries
New on the Dirty Dozen list in 2010, blueberries are treated with as many as 52 pesticides, making them one of the dirtiest berries on the market.

6. Nectarines
With 33 different types of pesticides found on nectarines, they rank up there with apples and peaches among the dirtiest tree fruit. Can’t find organic? Safer alternatives include, watermelon, papaya, and mango.

7. Bell peppers
Peppers have thin skins that don’t offer much of a barrier to pesticides. They’re often heavily sprayed with insecticides. (Tests have found 49 different pesticides on sweet bell peppers.) Can’t find organic? Safer alternatives include green peas, broccoli, and cabbage.

8. Spinach
New on the list for 2010, spinach can be laced with as many as 48 different pesticides, making it one of the most contaminated green leafy vegetable.

9. Kale
Traditionally, kale is known as a hardier vegetable that rarely suffers from pests and disease, but it was found to have high amounts of pesticide residue when tested this year. Can’t find organic? Safer alternatives include cabbage, asparagus, and broccoli.

10. Cherries
Even locally grown cherries are not necessarily safe. In fact, in one survey in recent years, cherries grown in the U.S. were found to have three times more pesticide residue then imported cherries. Government testing has found 42 different pesticides on cherries. Can’t find organic? Safer alternatives include raspberries and cranberries.

11. Potatoes
America’s popular spud reappears on the 2010 Dirty Dozen list, after a year hiatus. America’s favorite vegetable can be laced with as many as 37 different pesticides. Can’t find organic? Safer alternatives include eggplant, cabbage, and earthy mushrooms.

12. Grapes
Imported grapes run a much greater risk of contamination than those grown domestically. Only imported grapes make the 2010 Dirty Dozen list. Vineyards can be sprayed with different pesticides during different growth periods of the grape, and no amount of washing or peeling will eliminate contamination because of the grape’s thin skin. Remember, wine is made from grapes, which testing shows can harbor as many as 34 different pesticides. Can’t find organic? Safer alternatives include kiwi and raspberries.

More Healthy Eating Tips From The Daily Green

• The Clean 15: Low Pesticide-Residue Foods
• The Secrets of 6 Scandalous Foods
• Eat Right: 18 Tips That Really Make a Difference
• Six Surprising Facts About Organic Foods
• Simple Superfoods – and How to Cook Them!

Reprinted with permission of Hearst Communications, Inc.

Posted on Thursday, December 9 2010. Tagged with:

The scientific researches of Graviola started in the 1940s and they are still underway. The results of the early studies have proved the plant’s antispasmodic (prevents or relieves spasms or convulsions), hypotensive (reduces blood pressure), cardiotonic (balances functioning of heart), and vasodilator properties.

More recent studies of Graviola extract have shown its antibacterial properties. Graviola bark is believed to be a good antifungal agent (destroys fungi parasitic spores). The plant’s seeds are used to kill parasites. Another study proved a leaf extract to be effective against malaria.

The National Cancer Institute discovered high activity of Graviola leaves and stem in fighting cancer cells. Scientists isolated a set of chemicals called annonaceous acetogenins. These substances turned out to have strong anti-cancerous and anti-tumor properties.

Acetogenins are believed to slow down certain processes that take place only in cancer cells. Acetogenins destroy cancerous cells, but do not harm healthy ones. Researchers from the Purdue University published the statement in 1997, saying that acetogenins had the ability to kill cancerous cells that did not respond to traditional anti-cancer treatment. At the same time, these compounds had some analogy with the resistant cells. Graviola annonaceous acetogenins show positive results in the treatment of colon, breast, lung, ovarian, prostate, lymphoma, pancreatic, and cervical cancers. Acetogenins are said to be 10,000 times stronger in colon cancer cure than traditional adriamycin drug.

Written by Chuck Bluestein

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is one of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). In 1998, the NIH created the 27th NIH, the NCCAM, the National Center for Complimentary and Alternative Medicine. It studies the health benefits of natural dietary supplements. nccam.nih.gov

The NCI receives over two billion dollars annually in federal funds. Call them at 1-800-4-CANCER and get free information on any type of cancer. http://www.cancer.gov They tested over 20,000 different plants and found that the leaves of the graviola tree, that grows in the Amazon rainforest, can kill cancer cells. In other words, it is a cancer cure.

They sent this information to the drug companies. A drug company spent millions of dollars testing graviola and found it to be the “magic bullet.” That is something that would kill only cancer cells, but not the healthy cells. In other words, the drug company determined that graviola is a cure for cancer.

The current ways to treat cancer are cut, poison and burn. Cutting is much more effective than the others. If someone has breast cancer, just cut it off. A  medical study showed that people with cancer that were treated with radiation (burning) got no better results than people who got no treatment at all. Chemotherapy makes people sick. The most popular drug for breast cancer causes uterine cancer.

The Protestant bible (New International Version) says “All the leaves of the tree are for the healing of the nations.” (Revelation 22:2) The Catholic bible (The New American Bible) says “the leaves of the trees serve as medicine for the nations.” (Revelations 22:2)

This drug company was unable to replicate the 2 active chemicals. Were these undiscovered vitamins or minerals? No, they are phytochemicals called annonaceous acetogenins. Chemicals can be patented so that no one else can sell them, but herbs that exist in nature cannot be patented. So no one is going to spend $15 million to do the studies to get FDA approval to claim that graviola cures cancer.

Purdue University and/or its staff have filed at least 9 U.S. and/or international patents on their work around the antitumorous and insecticidal properties and uses of these acetogenins. Three separate research groups have isolated novel compounds in the seeds and leaves of graviola which have demonstrated significant anti-tumorous, anticancerous and selective toxicity against various types of cancer cells, publishing 8 laboratory studies on their findings. Much of Purdue University’s research on annonaceous acetogenins was funded by the NCI and/or the NIH.

The head Purdue pharmacologist in Purdue’s research explains that cancer cells that survive chemotherapy may develop resistance to the agent used against them as well as other, even unrelated, drugs (known as multi-drug resistance [MDR]). Purdue researchers reported that annonaceous acetogenins preferentially killed multi-drug resistant cancer cells because it blocked production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Purdue researchers found that leaves from the graviola tree killed cancer cells “among six human cell lines.”

Graviola is very aggressive at breaking up tumors. It appears that, as with many health problems, the body (in its wisdom) is trying to protect itself by creating a tumor to encase the toxins that can harm the body. Breaking up the tumor releases toxins back into the body, making the person feel very sick. When tumors are surgically removed, this also takes out the toxins which why this is the most effective medical treatment for cancer.

Graviola has been known to kill intestinal parasites, calm nerves, reduce blood pressure and help arthritis, heart and liver. Money does not grow on trees but the cure for cancer does.

In addition to using graviola leaves, see Natural Cures for the best foods to eat and other things to do while fighting off or trying to prevent cancer.

Broccoli sprouts are said to be 20 times better than broccoli in preventing cancer. The John Hopkins University School of Medicine found that the sulforaphane GS (sgs) in broccoli sprouts “may reduce the risk of cancer, a disease of many factors” according to their group, the Brassica Foundation. So they bred broccoli high in this phytochemical and patented it. Sulforaphane is a phytochemical like annonaceous acetogenins.

Graviola selectively kills colon cancer cells at “10,000 times the potency of Adriamycin.” That is a very effective chemotherapy drug. Graviola is extremely effective in isolating and killing lung cancer cells. According to one study conducted at Catholic University of South Korea, scientists discovered that two chemicals extracted from graviola seeds targeted and killed malignant breast and colon cells in a test tube.

In at least 20 laboratory tests since the 1970s, graviola has been proven to hunt down and kill cancer cells in the prostate, lung, breast, colon and pancreas. Purdue researchers found that leaves from the graviola tree kills cancer cells “among six human-cell lines” and are especially effective against prostate and pancreatic cancer cells.

Dr. Alan Levin, Professor of Immunology, University of California Medical School, 1987 says “Most cancer patients in this country die of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy does not eliminate breast, colon or lung cancers. The fact has been documented for over a decade…. Women with breast cancer are likely to die faster with chemotherapy than without it. From this website.

Only 2 to 3 percent of the nearly one-half million Americans diagnosed of cancer every year are being saved by chemotherapy, according to Dr. John Cairns of the Harvard University School of Public Health. Dr. Levin, at a national conference on medical abuses, said: Practicing physicians are intimidated into using regimes which they know do not work. One of the most glaring examples is chemotherapy, which does not work for the majority of cancers.

This very comprehensive book, Cancer-free, tells all about graviola and has other things to do to help cure cancer. Suzanne Somers has interviewed doctors that are curing cancer without chemotherapy. It is in her new book, Knockout.

DISCLAIMER;

LOUISVILLE, Ky. — Most people have heard the saying, “you are what you eat.” A report from a World Health Authority says people might need to eat according to who they are.

Could a person’s genetic background play a key role in which foods are good for them and which ones aren’t?

The question has been researched since a published report by the World Health Organization. The report investigated why good health was declining around the world and made a direct link to the incompatible difference between what people of specific genetic and ethnic background traditionally ate years ago and what they eat today.”

If you look at certain people with their bone structure and their face structure, the way their nose lies, the eyes, the slant of the eyes, that all comes from an origin,” said pharmacist Dr. Gary Green.

According to research, it’s not just outward appearances that differ according to our ethnic origin.

Some of a person’s genetics are also structured based on ethnicity, making some physical functions ethnically specific, including how people digest food.”

There are differences in the way we metabolize foods in some situations. I’m thinking of lactose intolerance. There are some ethnic groups who may be deficient in the enzyme lactase,” metabolic nutritionist Diana Pantalos said.

The lack of ability to digest dairy products is often found in African-American and Asian populations. That intolerance transfers through generations.”

Oh it definitely would get passed down genetically,” Pantalos said.

In 2003, the World Health Organization looked more closely at declining world health, and its findings pointed not only to genetics, but also how people have been removed from them and the traditional foods of an individual culture.”

They simply said that the genetic systems are programmed for certain foods, genetically,” chiropractor Dr. Roger Roff said.”

When groups make a change from their traditional foods to foods that are more highly processed that are imported,” said Pantalos. “That has an impact on the health of those people.”

Some medical professionals have taken it a step further. They believe the foods that are best are the foods of our ethnic region of origin.While one group may be predisposed to tolerate starches and vegetables from their region of ethnic origin, another may be prone to tolerate dairy products and meats common to the original continent of their ancestors.For example, those of African descent may be more genetically engineered to handle beans, fruits, vegetables, nuts and fish, in comparison to those of European descent whose original diet consisted of breads and meats and Asians include rice, fish, vegetables and other oils.

When traditional foods were exported in exchange for other foods not of a particular region, it caused health issues, including a host of digestive problems, which some medical experts say still exist.”

Unfortunately, generation after generation, it just trickled down, until now, we’re at the point where certain ethnic groups are really suffering based on what happened 70, 80, 90 years ago and we still haven’t caught up to that,” Gary Green said.

In America, all ethnicities are eating more processed foods their bodies may not be genetically engineered to handle. When there’s lack of proper digestion, that sparks a host of other medical issues.”

They would do better to be eating the fresh fruits and vegetables that are also many are from their culture, their native culture,” Pantalos said.

There are more studies being done on this aspect of genetics and ethnicity. A Florida company called MiGenetics focused on helping various ethnic groups get back to their dietary roots and improve their digestive health.”

The power to this is harvesting in regions that we are all basically originating from makes sense if you really start doing the math,” Green said.

The supplements come in four different ethnic blends: Asian, European, African and Hispanic.”

The organic factor, the more I read, the more fascinated I became,” said pharmacist Christy Green said. “Everything is plant based, organic.”

Using plant and fruit extracts from the region of those ethnic blends, the supplement focuses on using the natural vitamins and plant enzymes that help break down foods.

That includes the amaranth plant, a known source of vitamin A, calcium, iron and B6, among other nutrients.”

The idea is to keep that intestine flushing 100 percent. You want it to move regularly and you want it to be able to digest food appropriately and you want a healthy intestine,” Roff said.”

As medical professionals, we saw the value of this immediately,” Gary Green said.On its Website, MiGenetics states the supplements also include probiotics, or good bacteria, and eight simple sugars, which help cells communicate to boost our immune system.”

I was absolutely skeptical,” said Annazette Houston, who tried MiGenetics. “Because I’ve never seen anything that was tailored for anyone genetic group, everything is one size fits all.”

Houston and her husband, Charles, took the African blend.”

I guess my first results I got from the pill was probably my body fluids, my body functions changed in a day or so,” said Charles Houston.

Annazette Houston, a cancer survivor, said her body felt rejuvenated.”

At that point, I just became extremely thankful to have this product in my life because we hadn’t really done anything different to get those kinds of results,” said Annazette Houston.

MiGenetics states it’s made in an FDA approved facility, but it does not have FDA backing and doesn’t claim to cure any diseases.

The Houstons and the Greens researched MiGenetics before trying the product.

For more information on MiGenetics , visit www.MiGenetics.forEarthGlobal.com. Check out the World Health Organization’s report here.

By Ann Bowdan/WLKY

Phosphorus can relieve serious problems like loss of bones, also known as osteoporosis. This mineral lays the foundation of a strong skeletal structure to ensure healthy living. Phosphorus plays an important role in facilitating effective digestion in the human body by fueling the digestion of riboflavin and niacin in a proficient manner.

Phosphorus is important in keeping the kidneys in a normal condition. It does so by ensuring proper release of wastes from kidneys by the process of excretion. Since, phosphorous is an essential element found around as well as inside the cells of the brain, it is responsible for various important functions.

Proper levels of phosphorous help maintain proper brain functions. Health benefits of phosphorus may also be considered as vital for regulating the balance of hormones in human body. It ensures that hormones, especially those required for good reproductive health, are always present in balanced form. Phosphorus aids the process of energy extraction by stimulating the process of metabolism of different nutrients and the flow of energy and its efficient usage by different body parts.

Phosphorus contributes in repair and maintenance of various body cells, which are prone to daily wear and tear. It ensures that body cells are developed properly and remain active for admirable health conditions.